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Bioinformatics


1. †Œ๊ฐœ


  • ด๋ฆ„ : Bioinformatics
  • ฐธ—ฌ :  •ฌ๋ก
  • ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ : 2002. 3. 14 ~ 2002.8.xx
  • ”„๋กœ Šธ ‹œž‘๋™๊ธฐ™€ ๋ชฉ  : ๋ณธ —ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ฐจ„ธ๋Œ€ Bio๊ธฐˆ —„œ ปด“จ„ „๊ณตž๋กœ„œ  ‘๊ทผ•  ˆ˜ žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐˆ ธ Bioinformatics— ๋Œ€•œ ๊ธฐˆ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ„ ๋ชฉ œผ๋กœ •œ๋‹ค.
  • ”„๋กœ Šธ „–‰ : ๊ตžฌ˜  •๋ฆฌ™€ ๊ด€๋ จ ›‚ฌดŠธ˜ ๋งฌ, ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธ„œ  •๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ฃผถ•œผ๋กœ •˜๊ฒ Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จˆœ ๋ฒˆ—ญ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ˜๋ฏธžˆ๋Š” žฌ •๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ •— ๋…ธ๋ ฅ„ ๊ธฐšธผ ˜ˆ •ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๊ตžฌ : โ€œBioinformatics: A practical guide to the analysis of genes and proteinsโ€, Second Edition edited by Baxevanis & Ouellette

2. … •๋ฆฌ


2.1. NCBI DataModel

™œ Model„ ดšฉ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? ‹ค œ— ๊ฐ€๊นŒšด ๋ชจ๋ธ€ ‹ค œ๋กœ ผ–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ผ„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ž˜ ด•ด‹œ‚ค๊ณ  ˜ˆธก๊ฐ€๋Šฅ•˜๊ฒŒ •œ๋‹ค.
ด๋Ÿฐ ทจง€—„œ NCBI๋Š” sequence-related information— ๊ด€•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ„ ๋งŒ๋“ค—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ„ ดšฉ•ด„œ Entrez(data retrieval system)๋‚˜ GenBank DB(DNA seq.๋ฅผ  €žฅ•ด๋‘” DB, ๋‘ ๊ฐ€ง€๋Š” œ  „ž —ฐ๊ตฌ˜ ค‘š”•œ data๋“คด๋‹ค.)™€ ๊ฐ™ด †Œ”„Šธ›–ด๋‚˜ †ต•ฉ DB‹œŠค…œ„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค—ˆ๋‹ค.

=== GenBank flatfile & format VS NCBI data model===
GenBank flatfile€ DNA-centered˜ ๋ณด๊ณ „œด๋‹ค. DNAค‘‹ฌด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ€ –ด๋–ค ๋‹จ๋ฐˆ˜ œ  „ž  •๋ณด๋ฅผ  €žฅ•˜๊ณ  žˆ๋Š” DNA˜—ญด DNAœ„˜ coding regionด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„˜ Protein seq. DB๋“ค€ Protein-centered˜ ๊ด€ ด๋ฉฐ, ด๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐˆ๊ณผ œ  „ž ‚ฌด๋Š” accesion number(œ  „ž๋ฅผ  ‘๊ทผ•˜๊ธฐœ„•œ DB˜ key๊ฐ’) ... „–‰ค‘

3. šฉ–ด ฐธกฐ

3.1. NCBI ๋ž€

National Center for Biotechnology Information ๋ถ„ž ƒ๋ฌผ  •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ธ ž๋ฃŒ›œผ๋กœ„œ „ค๋ฆฝ๋˜—ˆœผ๋ฉฐ, NCBI๋Š” ๊ณตšฉ DB๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ„‚ฐ— ๊ด€•œ ƒ๋ฌผ•™— —ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ด๋Œ๊ณ  žˆœผ๋ฉฐ, Genome ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„„•˜๊ธฐ œ„•œ software ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ•˜๊ณ , ƒ๋ฌผ•™  •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธ‰•˜๊ณ  žˆŠต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - ฆ‰, ธ๊ฐ„˜ ๊ด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ˆ๋ณ‘— ˜–ฅ„ ๋ฏธน˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ„•œ ๊ณผ •๋“ค„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ž˜ ด•ด•˜๊ธฐ œ„•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ™œ๋™„ ˆ˜–‰

Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information - all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.

3.2. Entrez ๋ž€

Entrez๋Š” †ต•ฉ ๋ฐด„ฐ๋ฒ ดŠค retrieval ‹œŠค…œœผ๋กœ„œ DNA, Protein, genome mapping, population set, Protein structure, ๋ฌธ—Œ ๊ฒ€ƒ‰ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ•˜๋‹ค. Entrez—„œ Sequence, Šนžˆ Protein Sequence๋Š” GenBank protein translation, PIR, PDB, RefSeq๋ฅผ ฌ•จ•œ ๋‹ค–‘•œ DB๋“ค— žˆ๋Š” „œ—ด„ ๊ฒ€ƒ‰•  ˆ˜ žˆ๋‹ค.
...„–‰ค‘

4. ƒ๋ฌผ•™๊ธฐˆ

4.1. ๋‰ดด๋ ˆ˜ค‹ฐ๋“œ(nucleotide)๋ž€

DNA™€ RNA๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ„•˜๋Š” nucleotide๋Š” ธ‚ฐ๊ธฐ(Phophate), 5 ƒ„๋‹น(Sugar)ธ ๋””˜ฅ‹œ๋กœ๋ณดŠค(deoxyribose), 4 ข…๋ฅ˜˜ ˆ†Œ —ผ๊ธฐ(Base) ค‘ •˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ฌ•จ•˜—ฌ 3๊ฐœ˜ ๋ถ€œ„(Phophate, Sugar, Base)๋กœ ๊ตฌ„๋œ ๋ฌผˆด๋‹ค. ๋‹น€ ธ‚ฐ๊ณผ —ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ —ฐ๊ฒฐ‹œ‚จ๋‹ค. (šฉ–ด„ค๋ช…. ค‘•ฉ : ๋งŽ€ ๋ถ„ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ•ฉ•˜—ฌ ฐ ๋ถ„ž๋Ÿ‰˜ ™”•ฉ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€™”)
ธ‚ฐ๊ธฐ๋Š” ATP—(๊ทผœก€ ด ATP๋ฅผ †Œ๋น„•ด„œ —๋„ˆง€๋ฅผ ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ผข…˜ —๋„ˆง€›.) žˆ๋Š” ž˜ •Œ๋ ค„ ‚ฐ„๊ธฐด๋‹ค. DNA ๋ถ„ž๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ„•  ๋•Œ—๋Š” ๋‹น— ง ‘ —ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ •˜๋‚˜˜ ธ‚ฐ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ๋‚จ๋Š”๋‹ค. 5 ƒ„๋‹น ๋””˜ฅ‹œ๋กœ๋ณดŠค(deoxyribose)๋Š” ATP˜ 5 ƒ„๋‹น ๋ฆฌ๋ณดŠค(ribose)™€ ๋งคšฐ œ ‚ฌ•˜๋‹ค. deoxyribose๋Š” ribose˜ 2๋ฒˆ ƒ„†Œ— žˆ๋Š” -OH ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€‹  -H๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ง€๊ณ  žˆ๋‹ค. deoxyribose˜ 5๊ฐœ ƒ„†Œ—๋Š” 1๋ฒˆ—„œ 5๋ฒˆ๊นŒง€ ˆž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™—ฌ„๋‹ค.

DNA— กดžฌ•˜๋Š” 4ข…๋ฅ˜˜ —ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” •„๋ฐ๋‹Œ(adenine), ๊ตฌ•„๋‹Œ(guanine), ‹ฐ๋ฏผ(thymine), ‹œ† ‹ (cytosine), šฐ๋ผ‹ค(uracil)ด๋‹ค. ด๋“ค ค‘—„œ ”ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋”˜(pyrimidine)ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” thymine, cytosine, uracil€ ˆ†Œ™€ ƒ„†Œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ„๋œ 6๊ฐ˜•˜ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋˜–ด žˆ๋‹ค. “จ๋ฆฐ(purine)ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” adenine, guanine€ ๋” ๋ณตžก•˜—ฌ, ˆ†Œ™€ ƒ„†Œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ„๋œ 6๊ฐ˜•๊ณผ 5๊ฐ˜•˜ ดค‘ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ด๋ฃจ–ด„๋‹ค. nucleotide—„œ ด๋“ค —ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค€ deoxyribose˜ 1๋ฒˆ ƒ„†Œ— ๊ณตœ ๊ฒฐ•ฉœผ๋กœ —ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜–ด žˆœผ๋ฉฐ, ธ‚ฐ๊ธฐ๋Š” 5๋ฒˆ ƒ„†Œ— —ญ‹œ ๊ณตœ ๊ฒฐ•ฉœผ๋กœ —ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜–ด žˆ๋‹ค. adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ A, G, C, T,U ๋กœ ‘œ๊ธฐ๋œ๋‹ค.<๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1>

4.2. DNA VS RNA

•ต‚ฐ(Nucleic acid)๋ถ„ž๋Š” ๋ฏฟ„ ˆ˜ —†„  •๋„๋กœ ๊ธด ค‘•ฉฒดด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ๋ถ„ž๋Š” ๊ตฌกฐ ๋‹จœ„ธ nucleotide๋ฅผ ˆ˜๋ฐ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ”ฉ ฌ•จ •˜๊ณ  žˆ๋‹ค.
Nucleic acid๋Š” base˜ ข…๋ฅ˜™€ 5-carbon sugar˜ ข…๋ฅ˜, ๋ถ„ž ๊ตฌกฐ— ๋”ฐ๋ผ DNA™€ RNA๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ๋‹ค.
•ต‚ฐ—ผ๊ธฐ˜ ข…๋ฅ˜5„ด๋‹น˜ ข…๋ฅ˜๋ถ„ž ๊ตฌกฐ
DNAA, G, C, TDioxyribose2ค‘ ๋‚˜„ 
RNAA, G, C, URibose๋‹จผ ‚ฌŠฌ

4.3. DNA

ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ€ DNA˜ ๋ชจ‹๋„ด๋‹ค.
DNA๋Š” a twisted ladder๋ผ๊ณ  ‘œ˜„๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ˜ strand๋Š” ๋‹น๊ณผ ธ‚ฐ˜ ๊ฒฐ•ฉ„ ˜๋ฏธ•˜๊ณ , lung€ Base๋“ค˜ ๊ฒฐ•ฉ„ ˜๋ฏธ•œ๋‹ค. Base๋“ค€ ‚ฌด˜ ๊ฒฐ•ฉ€ ˆ˜†Œ๊ฒฐ•ฉ„ ด๋ฃจ๋Š”๋ฐ, A™€ T, C™€ G๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ•ฉด ด๋ฃจ–ด„๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ„œ DNA๋ฅผ ๋ถ„„•ด base๋“ค˜ ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต•ด๋ณด๋ฉด A™€ T˜ ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™๊ณ , C™€ G˜ ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™Œ„ •Œ ˆ˜ žˆ๋‹ค. ด— •œชฝ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ— žˆ๋Š” nucleotide๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธชฝ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ˜ nucleotide „œ—ด„ ๊ฒฐ ••˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜„œ ๊ทธ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ„ ƒ๋ณด  (complementary) ด๋ผ๊ณ  •œ๋‹ค. ฆ‰, DNA ๋ถ„ž๋ฅผ ˆ˜งœผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด •œ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ€ 5'—„œ 3'œผ๋กœ œ„—„œ •„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ€ 5'—„œ 3'œผ๋กœ •„๋ž˜๋กœ œ„๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.(5', 3' šจ†Œ๋ผ๊ณ  •Œ๊ณ  žˆŒ,  •™•žŒ ๋ชจ๋ฆ„)

4.4. DNA Republication

™“Šจ๊ณผ ฌ๋ฆญ€ DNA˜ ๊ตฌกฐ, Šนžˆ Œ„ ด๋ฃฌ nucleotide˜ ƒ๋ณด„ด œ  „๋ฌผˆ˜  •™••œ ๋ณต œ๊ธฐž‘˜ •ต‹ฌž„„ •Œ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค€ "šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€ ••œ —ผ๊ธฐŒ ˜•„›๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ œ  „ ๋ฌผˆ˜ ๋ณต๊ธฐž‘„  œ‹œ•˜๊ณ  žˆŒ„ ๋А๋‚„ ˆ˜ ด—ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง•˜˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค€ ดค‘ ๋‚˜„ ˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ˜ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ„ ฃผ˜• (template)œผ๋กœ •˜—ฌ ƒˆ๋กœšด ƒ๋ณด  ‚ฌŠฌด ˜•„๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จˆœ•œ ๋ณต œ๋ชจ๋ธ„ ๋งŒ๋“ค—ˆ๋‹ค.

4.5. DNA˜ —ผƒ‰ฒด๋‚ด—„œ˜ Žธ„(Organization)

ธ๊ฐ„˜ —ผƒ‰ฒด(chromosome)˜ ข…๋ฅ˜๋Š” 23๊ฐœด๋‹ค. 22๊ฐœ๋Š” ƒ—ผƒ‰ฒด(autosome)ด๊ณ  1๊ฐœ๋Š” „—ผƒ‰ฒด(sex chromosome)ด๋‹ค. •œ ข…๋ฅ˜˜ —ผƒ‰ฒด๋Š” „œ๋กœ˜ Œ„ ๊ฐ€ง€๊ณ  žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ„œ ธ๊ฐ„˜ —ผƒ‰ฒด๊ตฐ(genome)€ 46๊ฐœ˜ chromosomeœผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ„๋˜–ด žˆ๋‹ค. chromosome€ „ฌ๋‚ด—„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„˜ ‹œ๊ฐ„„ ‹คƒ€๋ž˜(fiber)๊ฐ™€ ˜•ƒœ๋กœ žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ.. ด๋Š” chromosome ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋‹จœ„ธ ๋‰ดด๋ ˆ˜ค†œ(Nucleosome)๋“คด ๊ฒฐ•ฉ๋œ ˜•ƒœด๋‹ค. ด nucleosome€ •˜๋‚˜˜ žˆŠค†ค(histone)๋‹จ๋ฐˆ„ DNA๊ฐ€ ๋‘๋ฒˆ œ˜๊ฐ€ ˜•ƒœด๋‹ค. --ž‘„ค‘

4.6. Gene๋ž€

œ  „ ˜•ˆ„ ๋ง•˜๋ฉฐ œ  „— ๊ด€—ฌ•˜๋Š” Šน • ๋ฌผˆด๋‹ค. Gene˜ ๋ชจž„ด Genomeด๋‹ค. ๋˜•œ ด Gene๋Š” DNA— ๊ทธ ๋‚ดšฉด •”˜ธ™” ๋˜–ด žˆ๋‹ค. ด๋ฏธ •Œ๊ณ  žˆ„ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ง€๋งŒ, Geneด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ€ DNA˜ —ผ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฐ—ดด๋‹ค. ด —ผ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฐ—ด(base sequence)ด –ด๋–ค ๊ณผ •„ †ต•ด„œ ๋Œ€‘๋˜๋Š” ˆœ„œ๋กœ •„๋ฏธ๋…ธ‚ฐ(amino acid)๋ผ๋ฆฌ˜ peptide๊ฒฐ•ฉ„ •˜—ฌ ๋‹จ๋ฐˆ๋กœ ๋‚˜ƒ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ„ œ  „ ˜•ˆ ๋ฐœ˜„ด๋ผ๊ณ  •œ๋‹ค.
šฐ„  ƒ๋ฌผ•™˜ •ต‹ฌ ด๋ก ด Central Dogma(ค‘‹ฌด๋ก )— ๋Œ€•ด •Œ•„๋ณด๊ฒ ๋‹ค.
ด ด๋ก € DNA๊ฐ€ –ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹จ๋ฐˆ„ ƒ„•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด—ฌฃผ๊ณ  žˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 1
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1„ ฐธกฐ•˜๋ฉด DNA๋Š” 2ค‘ ๋‚˜„ ˜• ๊ตฌกฐ๋กœ ๋˜–ดžˆ๋‹ค. ด๊ฒƒด „ฌ ๋ถ„—ด ๊ณผ •—„œ DNA— œ  „•”˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณต‚ฌ•œ mRNA๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋ฉฐ ด mRNA๊ฐ€ Ribosome— ๋“ค–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด tRNA๋Š” mRNA— ๋‹ด๊ฒจžˆ๋Š” DNAœ  „•”˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„„•˜—ฌ„œ ๋Œ€‘๋˜๋Š” amino acid๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ ธ˜จ๋‹ค. ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณผ •ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๊ณ , amino acid‚ฌด—๋Š” peptide๊ฒฐ•ฉ„ ด๋ฃจ๋ฉด„œ ด๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐˆ๋กœ ˜•ˆ ๋ฐœ˜„ด ๋œ๋‹ค. -- „–‰ค‘..

Bioinformatics๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถ€•˜๋ ค๋Š” ‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค„ œ„•ด

 ˆ๋Œ€ ปด“จ„ง€‹๋งŒœผ๋กœ Šน๋ถ€๊ธ๋ ค๊ณ  •˜ง€ ๋ง•„•ผ •  ๊ฒƒ ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ปด“จ„ง€‹๋งŒœผ๋กœ๋Š”  •๋ง ๊ธฐˆ ž ˆ˜ค€ ๋ฐ–— ๋˜ง€ ๋ชป•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธชฝ ง€‹ด •„š”•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  •ด๋„ ด๊ด ๊ธฐˆ   ง€‹ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณผ•™, ฆ‰,  „‚ฐ•™(Computer Science)˜ ง€‹ด •„š”•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Bioinformatics๋ฅผ  œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณต๋ถ€•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ปด“จ„ฐ ๋ถ„•ผ๋ฅผ ๋นผ๊ณ ๋„ ตœ†Œ•œ ƒ๋ฌผ•™ ๊ฐœ๋ก , ๋ถ„ž ƒ๋ฌผ•™, ƒ™”•™, œ  „•™, †ต๊ณ„•™ ๊ฐœ๋ก , ™•๋ฅ ๋ก , ๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ †ต๊ณ„•™, ๋ฏธ ๋ถ„„ •Œ•„•ผ •ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋›–ด๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€žฅž๋ฆฌ๋งŒ ๋งด๋Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด—„œ Bioinformatics๋ฅผ •˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„˜  „‚ฐ•™๊ณผ ๊ตˆ˜๋‹˜๋“คด ด ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜— †•œ๋‹ค๋Š”  ด „œ๊ธ€”ˆ ‚ฌ‹คดฃ .

 œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋œ •ˆ๋‚ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›œผ๋ ค๋ฉด, ›„—ฐ ๋ฐ•‚ฌ๋‹˜˜ ‚ฌดŠธ๋ฅผ ถ”ฒœ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. http://www.bioinformatics.pe.kr/ -- ๊น€ฐฝค€

DeleteMe QnA๋ฅผ ฝ–ด ๋ณด•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ž‹ ๊ฐด '๋š' ๋–จ–ดง€๋Š”๊ตฐš”.(ด๊ฒƒ๋งŒด •„๋‹ˆ–ด๋‘ ˜ค๋Š˜ ๊ตžฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š”๋ฐ ฒ˜Œ๋ณด๋Š” ƒ†Œ•œ ๋‹จ–ด๋“ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ— ‚ฌ „ ฐพœผ๋žด, ‚ฌดŠธ ๋Œ•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ –ด๋–ค ๊ง€ •Œ•„๋ณด๋žด, •ด๋งธ๋Š”๋ฐ..) ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋‘, ด๋ฆ„„ „ธ๋ฒˆด๋‚˜ ‹€๋ฆฐ ด •™๋ฌธด ๋ญ”ง€๋Š” •Œ๊ณ  ‹ถ๊ณ ,:) ๋‹คŒ— ˜น‹œ  €™€ ๋น„Šท•œ ง€‹๋งŒ ๊ฐ€„ ‚ฌ๋žŒด ดชฝ— ๊ด€‹ฌ„ ๊ฐ€ง€๊ณ  —ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ •  ๋•Œ ๋„›€ด ๋  ˆ˜ žˆ—ˆœผ๋ฉด •ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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